Remember back in the days of college when you were allowed to make one sheet of notes for math exams? Well, think of this as a cheat sheet for you Linux exam. Note that commands that need to be executed as root are prefixed with #> whereas commands that can be run by any user have the prefix $>.

System Info

  • check Linux version

$> cat /etc/issue
$> lsb_release -a

  • system product name, serial number, and sku number

#> sudo dmidecode -s system-product-name
#> sudo dmidecode -s system-serial-number
#> sudo dmidecode -s system-sku-number

  • output date for a given unix timestamp

$> date -d @1231597505

Containers

  • start container with X display

$> podman run -it --rm -v $XAUTHORITY:$XAUTHORITY:ro -v /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix:ro -e DISPLAY --security-opt label=type:container_runtime_t ubuntu bash

Documentation

  • get examples for command

$> tldr grep

CD/DVD Manipulation

  • show cd-burner/cd-reader devices

$> cdrecord -scanbus

  • show cd device information, including read/write speeds, presence of disk

$> readcd -dev 0,0 -sectors=0-0 -f=/dev/null

  • burn an ISO Image

$> cdrecord -v -eject -dao -dev=1,0 -speed=10 -driveropts=burnfree cdimage.iso

  • copy audio cd (no cdrdao)

$> cdda2wav -vall cddb=0 -D0,0 -B -Owav
$> cdrecord -v dev=1,0 -dao -useinfo -text -driveropts=burnfree *.wav

  • copy data cd (no cdrdao)

$> readcd -dev 0,0 -f=cdimage.raw
$> cdrecord -v -eject -dao -dev=1,0 -speed=10 -driveropts=burnfree cdimage.raw

  • direct cd copy (cdrdao)

$> cdrdao copy --source-device 0,0,0 --device 0,1,0 -n --buffers 32 --on-the-fly

  • raw device cd copy (cdrecord) risky

$> cdrecord -v dev=1,0 -isosize /dev/cdrom0

  • rip DVD vob file to disk

$> vobcopy -l /dev/dvd

Filesystems / Disks

  • find broken symlinks

$ find -L . -type l

  • include dot files in '*' pattern (for easily moving or copying all files in a directory)

$> shopt -s dotglob

  • match all files including dot files (without setting dotglob shopt)

$> ls .[^.]* *

  • delete all files named "target"

$> find . -name 'target' -delete

  • copy files like rsync (preserve file properties and only update files if source is newer)

$> cp -aRu src dest

  • format a removable device into FAT32

$> mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/sdaX

  • make a bootable cd image (ISO) from bootable floppy image (easy way) note: -b specifies the source file

$> mkisofs -pad -b floppy.img -R -o /tmp/cd.iso /tmp/floppy.img

  • make a bootable cd image (ISO) from a directory (won’t include directory name)

$> mkisofs -J -r -o cd.iso burnme/

  • setting up a disk: format with filesystem, then create a partition (using curses fdisk)

$> mkfs.ext3 -L LABEL /dev/sda; cfdisk

  • create a file with a specified size

$> truncate -s 64m filename

  • list hidden directories sorted by size

$> du -s .[^.]* | sort -rn

  • view S.M.A.R.T. information for ATA or SCSI harddisk

#> smartctl -a /dev/hda

  • run short test on disk using S.M.A.R.T

#> smartctrl -t short /dev/hda

  • view results of S.M.A.R.T disk check

#> smartctl -H -l selftest /dev/hda

  • watch files changing in a directory

$> watch "ls -s"

  • delete files older than 7 days

$> find . -type f -mtime +7 | xargs rm -f
 * overwrite your hard disk with random characters
$> dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/sda

  • discover and mount lvm volumes: Accessing Logical Volumns (Ubuntu)

  • perform operation on files with possible space in name; read will read to the end of the line and enclosing the result within quotes escapes the spaces

$> find . -type f |grep .ext$ | while read file do
   cmd "$file"
done

  • find broken symlinks

$> find . -type l | while read i ; do test -e "$i" || ls -l "$i"; done

  • fstab mount for samba/windows share

//hostname/sharename /home/$USER/mount/sharename smbfs users,credentials=/home/$USER/.smb.cnf,uid=$USER,gid=$USER 0 0

  • Create a zip file named foo.zip using the contents of the directory foo excluding any SVN directories

$> zip -r foo.zip foo -x \*.svn/*

Multimedia

  • reencode mp3 to make it smaller without losing quality

$> ffmpeg -i original.mp3 -c:a libmp3lame -q:a 4 reencoded.mp3

  • record realmedia streams to disk with vsound

$> vsound -f output.wav -t realplay test.rm

  • record realmedia streams to disk with mplayer

$> mplayer -dumpstream rtsp://whatever/stream.rm

  • record rtsp streams to disk with mencoder (use mplayer-plugin’s "Copy URL" feature to capture the url)

$> mencoder rtsp://whatever/stream.wmv -ovc copy -oac copy -o output.wmv

  • encode rtsp steams to disk with mencoder (use mplayer-plugin’s "Copy URL" feature to capture the url)

$> mencoder rtsp://whatever/stream.wmv -ovc lavc -oac mp3lame -o output.avi

  • convert wma files to ogg (requires win32 codecs)

$> for i in *.wma; do mplayer -ao pcm -aofile "${i%.wma}.wav" "$i"; oggenc "${i%.wma}.wav"; rm "${i%.wma}.wav"; done

  • record from line-in (or microphone) to mp3 (you will need to adjust your capture volume level)

$> arecord -f cd -t raw | lame -r - out.mp3

  • disable screensaver (can be put in a loop shorter than screensaver interval to keep it dead); mplayer also has a disable option

$> gnome-screensaver-command -deactivate

  • Convert recordmydesktop ogv file to flv

$> ffmpeg -i input_file.ogv -b 1600k -ar 11025 output_file.flv

Desktop

$> Set which program opens when media (CD, DVD, Digital Camera, etc) is inserted in Gnome

  • Open up Nautilus, select Edit > Preferences from the menu and set the program to handle each event in the Media tab

Package Management

  • find which package owns a file

$> rpm -qf /path/to/file

  • query rpm packages by short name

$> rpm -qa --qf "%{NAME}\n"

  • list installed rpm names sorted by size

$> rpm -qa --queryformat '%10{SIZE} %{NAME}\n' | sort -n -r

  • reinstall an rpm

$> rpm -Uvh --replacepkgs rpm_packagename.rpm

  • build an rpm from a tarball

$> rpmbuild -tb application.tar.gz

  • show all tags available for rpm queryformat

$> rpm --querytags

  • show all rpms (name, version-release, installed date)

$> rpm -qa --qf "%{NAME}\t%{VERSION}-%{RELEASE}\t%{INSTALLTIME:date}\n" | sort

  • show all rpms (name, installed date) by recently installed

$> rpm -qa --last

  • Import a GPG key into the RPM repository (ascii public key)

#> rpm --import http://www.jpackage.org/jpackage.asc

  • Extract files from an rpm archive (into current directory)

$>  rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio -idmv --no-absolute-filenames

  • Hold back packages (space separated) from being updated by yum in /etc/yum.conf

$> exclude=packagename1 packagename2
$> ./configure make checkinstall

  • Hold back a debian package from being upgraded

$> echo "firefox hold" | dpkg --set-selections

Text Manipulation

  • append "content" as root to file "target-file" using sudo

$> echo "content" | sudo tee -a target-file > /dev/null

  • convert DOS text file format to UNIX, specifically endlines (part of sysutils debian package)

$> fromdos FILE

  • remove unprintable characters, except for spaces

$> cat file-in.txt | tr -d -c [:print:][:space:] > file-out.txt

  • find and replace text in a set of files

$> find -type f -exec sed -i 's/search/replace/' {} \;

  • occationally the terminal will get out of whack; one simple command can make it work as expected again

$> reset

  • apply a patch, removing files that are marked as deleted in the patch, with a fuzz factor of 2

$> patch --dry-run -F 2 -E -p0 < patch.txt

  • open file in vim so you can see the BOM

$> vim -b file-with-bom

  • find non-ascii characters in a file

$> grep -P -H -n "[^[:graph:][:space:]]" FILE

Bash & Shell

  • test bash script for syntax without executing

$> bash -n script.sh

  • glob matching all the files in a directory, including hidden files (files that begin with .)

$> * .[^.]*

  • run command, bypassing any alias

$> \command

VIM

  • jump to a byte offset in the buffer (a file)

$> :go 456

Git

  • Remove file(s) from git history

$> git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached  --ignore-unmatch <file>' HEAD
$> rm -rf .git/refs/original/ && git reflog expire --all &&  git gc --aggressive --prune

CVS

  • Check files which have changed after a specified date

$> cvs log -NS -R -d ">YYYYMMDD"

  • Run synchronization report

$> cvs -nq update -Pd 2>&1 | grep -v "cvs update: New directory"

  • Synchronize with repository

$> cvs -q update -Pd 2>&1 | grep -v "cvs update: New directory"

SVN

  • Merge a feature branch into the trunk (with dry run option)

$> cd trunk
$> svn merge --dry-run -r BASE:HEAD http://svnhost/path/to/branch

  • Specifying username for svn+ssh other than login name

$> export SVN_SSH='ssh -l username'; svn commit filename

  • When doing an import, you have include the directory name that you want to create

$> svn import new-project http://svn.host/svn.path/new-project

Maven 2

  • Create an empty web application project

$> mvn archetype:create -DgroupId=com.mycompany.myapp -DartifactId=myapp -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-webapp

  • Synchronizing select directories from a maven mirror

$> rsync -azv --include /sf --include /sf/saxon --exclude "/*" --exclude "/*/*/" rsync://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/packages/maven2/net/ ./

MySQL

  • Change root user password

$> /usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root -p password 'new-password'

  • Give user access to all tables

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO some_user@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'some_pass' WITH GRANT OPTION;
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

  • Change password for existing user

mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'user'@'hostname' = PASSWORD('passwordhere');
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

  • Reset auto-increment value for table

mysql> ALTER TABLE tbl_name AUTO_INCREMENT = 1;

  • Backup a single database

$> /usr/bin/mysqldump --complete-insert --add-drop-table --lock-tables --user=username -p database > backupfile.sql

  • Cancel a partially typed query

mysql> select * from \c

  • Display results as records rather than in tabular form

mysql> select * from table \G

Services & Run Levels

  • Add a system startup service in Debian (where servicename is the name of the startup script)

#> /usr/sbin/update-rc.d servicename defaults

  • Remove a system startup service in Debian (where servicename is the name of the startup script)

#> /usr/sbin/update-rc.d -f servicename remove

  • Shutdown (halt) a system

#> halt

  • Reboot a system

#> shutdown -r

  • Go to another runlevel (in this case 3)

#> telinit 3

Network

  • Setting the system hostname (be sure to add it to /etc/hosts as well)

#> echo server1.example.com > /etc/hostname; /bin/hostname -F /etc/hostname

  • notify KDE of change in hostname

$> kdontchangethehostname old_hostname new_hostname

  • check if a host is available (for a given port)

$> nc -z hostname 22 -w 1 >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo connected!

  • Find computers on local network with an open SSH port

$> nmap -p 22 --open -sV 192.168.0.1/24

  • Access a local computer when connected to the VPN

$> ssh hostname.local

Mail

  • After updating the /etc/aliases file, it is necessary to update the database using

#> newaliases

Job Control

  • Where’s my crontab?

$> /var/spool/cron/$USERNAME

  • Start a job in the background, disconnected from terminal (joblist is a file with a list of commands)

$> at -f joblist now
DISPLAY=:0

  • Crontab Syntax

  • Kill processes matching a pattern (where $PATTERN is the search string)

$> ps -e -opid,command | grep $PATTERN | awk '{print $1}'| xargs kill -9

  • Prevent command from exiting even if you disconnect from the shell

$> nohup command

  • Watch the output of a command as its results change in real time

$> watch df

Kernel Modules

  • Disable USB 2.0 (to prevent autoloading, add it to /etc/hotplug/blacklist)

#> rmmod ehci_hcd

  • After removing a loadable module, be sure to run /sbin/depmod to update the dependencies and module load sets

Apache Configuration

  • In order to strip the query string when using mod_rewrite, append a ? to the end of the redirect and the query string will be dropped

RewriteRule ^oldpath/index.php$ /newpath/index.php? [R=301,L]

SSH

  • Pass an option to SSH (in this case don’t allow a regular password prompt)

$> ssh -oNumberOfPasswordPrompts=0 user@hostname

  • Copy public rsa key directly into authorized_keys2 file on remote host

$> cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh $USER@$REMOTE_HOST "cat >>~/.ssh/authorized_keys2"

  • Another way to copy public rsa key around:

$> ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub $USER@$REMOTE_HOST

  • Establish an ssh tunnel using a local port to route traffic to a remove service

$> ssh -L $LOCAL_PORT:localhost:$REMOTE_SERVICE_PORT -f -N $USER@$REMOTE_HOST
$> # an example with real values to tunnel SMTP traffic through SSH using an alternate port
$> ssh -L 8025:localhost:25 -f -N user@example.com

  • Setup a proxy tunnel, so that you can access the internet through another computer

$> ssh -f -N -2 -C -D 4567 $USER@$REMOTE_HOST
$> ssh -R $TUNNEL_PORT:localhost:22 -f -N $USER@$REMOTE_HOST

  • Connecting to reverse ssh tunnel

$> ssh -p $TUNNEL_PORT localhost

  • Tunnel HTTP traffic through reverse ssh tunnel

$> ssh -L $LOCAL_LISTEN_PORT:localhost:80 -f -N -p $TUNNEL_PORT $USER@localhost

Note: If you are going to use tunneling from different hosts, it might be convenient to set the ssh_config variable NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost to yes to prevent those nasty messages

X Windows / Graphics

  • Copy to clipboard

$> echo hi | xclip

  • Take a screenshot, with optional delay

$> sleep 3s; import -window root screenshot.png

  • Get window information (particularly id)

$> xwininfo

  • Rearrange desktop icons in KDE

$> dcop kdesktop KDesktopIface rearrangeIcons

  • Enable the nvidia driver

$> sudo nvidia-glx-config enable

  • Restart X within a session

CTRL+ALT+Backspace

  • Restart X from login screen (xdm/gdm/kdm)

ALT+e

Homebrew

  • Install a specific version of a package

* Install a specific version of a package

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/<hash>/Formula/n/name-of-package.rb brew install --HEAD ./name-of-package.rb

== elsewhere...

* http://emacswiki.org/emacs/MovingTheCtrlKey[Moving the Ctrl Key]
* http://dokuwiki.splitbrain.org/snippets[Splitbrain's Code Snippets]
* http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html[Pixelbeat's Linux Command Line Tips]
* http://fosswire.com/2007/08/02/unixlinux-command-cheat-sheet[Unix/Linux Command Cheat Sheet]
* http://www.scottklarr.com/topic/115/linux-unix-cheat-sheets---the-ultimate-collection[Linux/Unix Cheat Sheets - The Ultimate Collection]
* http://www.laclinux.com/en/LAC_HOWTO[Los Alamos Computers HOWTO collection]
* http://matt.might.net/articles/ssh-hacks/[Matt's SSH Hacks]
* http://www.techbar.me/linux-shell-tips/[Linux Shell Tips]
* http://www.tecmint.com/11-lesser-known-useful-linux-commands/[Lesser Known Linux Commands] (multi-part series)
* https://blog.testdouble.com/posts/2020-04-07-favorite-things/[A few of my favorite things]